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标准名称：	牛传染性鼻气管炎诊断技术
英文名称：	Diagnostic techniques for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
中标分类：	农业、林业 >> 畜牧 >> 动物检疫、兽医与疫病防治
ICS分类：	医药卫生技术 >> 兽医学
发布部门：	中华人民共和国农业部
发布日期：	2002-08-27
实施日期：	2002-12-01
首发日期：	1900-01-01
作废日期：	1900-01-01
起草单位：	全国动物检疫标准化技术委员会
出版社：	中国标准出版社
出版日期：	2004-04-18
页数：	9
书号：	155066.2-14770

本标准规定了牛传染性鼻气管炎（IBR）诊断技术要求。本标准规定的病毒分离方法适用于牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒的分离；微量血清中和试验和酶联免疫吸附试验适用于牛群检疫、流行病学调查及牛群抗体水平的检测。

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【英文标准名称】:StandardPracticeforHeatAgingofPlasticsWithoutLoad
【原文标准名称】:通用的玻璃制品齿轮油氧化和热稳定特性的标准实施规程
【标准号】:ASTMD3045-1992(2010)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1992
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D20.50
【标准类型】:(Practice)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:aging;exposure;heat;heat-aging;thermal-aging;Acceleratedaging/testing--plastics;Heataging;Heatingtests--plastics;Oxidationtesting--plastics;Thermalanalysis(TA)--plastics
【摘要】:Theuseofthispracticepresupposesthatthefailurecriteriaselectedtoevaluatematerials(thatis,thepropertyorpropertiesbeingmeasuredasafunctionofexposuretime)andthedurationoftheexposurecanbeshowntorelatetotheintendeduseofthematerials.Plasticmaterialsexposedtoheatmaybesubjecttomanytypesofphysicalandchemicalchanges.Theseverityoftheexposuresinbothtimeandtemperaturedeterminestheextentandtypeofchangethattakesplace.Aplasticmaterialisnotnecessarilydegradedbyexposuretoelevatedtemperatures,butmaybeunchangedorimproved.However,extendedperiodsofexposureofplasticstoelevatedtemperatureswillgenerallycausesomedegradation,withprogressivechangeinphysicalproperties.Generally,shortexposuresatelevatedtemperaturesmaydriveoutvolatilessuchasmoisture,solvents,orplasticizers,relievemoldingstresses,advancethecureofthermosets,andmaycausesomechangeincoloroftheplasticorcoloringagent,orboth.Normally,additionalshrinkageshouldbeexpectedwithlossofvolatilesoradvanceinpolymerization.Someplasticmaterialsmaybecomebrittleduetolossofplasticizersafterexposureatelevatedtemperatures.Othertypesofplasticsmaybecomesoftandsticky,eitherduetosorptionofvolatilizedplasticizerorduetobreakdownofthepolymer.Thedegreeofchangeobservedwilldependonthepropertymeasured.Differentproperties,mechanicalorelectrical,maynotchangeatthesamerate.Forinstance,thearcresistanceofthermosettingcompoundsimprovesuptothecarbonizationpointofthematerial.Mechanicalproperties,suchasflexuralproperties,aresensitivetoheatdegradationandmaychangeatamorerapidrate.Ultimatepropertiessuchasstrengthorelongationaremoresensitivetodegradationthanbulkpropertiessuchasmodulus,inmostcases.Effectsofexposuremaybequitevariable,especiallywhenspecimensareexposedforlongintervalsoftime.Factorsthataffectthereproducibilityofdataarethedegreeoftemperaturecontroloftheenclosure,humidityoftheoven,airvelocityoverthespecimen,andperiodofexposure.Errorsinexposurearecumulativewithtime.Certainmaterialsaresusceptibletodegradationduetotheinfluenceofhumidityinlong-termheatresistancetests.Materialssusceptibletohydrolysismayundergodegradationwhensubjectedtolong-termheatresistancetests.Itisnottobeinferredthatcomparativematerialrankingisundesirableorunworkable.Onthecontrary,thispracticeisdesignedtoprovidedatawhichcanbeusedforsuchcomparativepurposes.However,thedataobtainedfromthispractice,sinceitdoesnotaccountfortheinfluenceofstressorenvironmentthatisinvolvedinmostreallifeapplications,mustbeusedcautiouslybythedesigner,whomustinevitablymakematerialchoicesusingadditionaldatasuchascreepandcreeprupturethatareconsistentwiththerequirementsofhisspecificapplication.Itispossibleformanytemperatureindexestoexist,infact,oneforeachfailurecriterion.Therefore,foranyapplicationofthetemperatureindextobevalid,thethermalagingprogrammustduplicatetheintendedexposureconditionsoftheendproduct.Ifthematerialisstressedintheendproductinamannernotevaluatedintheagingprogram,thetemperatureindexthusderivedisnotapplicabletotheuseofthematerialinthatproduct.TherecanbeverylargeerrorswhenArrheniusplotsorequationsbasedondatafromexperimentsataseriesoftemperaturesareusedtoestimatetimetoproduceadefinedpropertychangeatsomelowertemperature.Thisestimateoftimetoproducethepropertychangeorx201C;failurex201D;atthelowertemperatureisoftencalledthex201C;